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鲁菜
 

鲁菜，又叫山东菜。历史悠久，影响广泛，是中国饮食文化的重要组成部分。鲁菜发端于春秋战国时的齐国和鲁国（今山东省），形成于秦汉。宋代后，鲁菜就成为“北食”的代表。

鲁菜是中国覆盖面最广的地方风味菜系，遍及京津塘及东北三省，更以其味鲜咸脆嫩，风味独特，制作精细享誉海内外。

齐鲁大地依山傍海，物产丰富，是经济发达的美好地域，为烹饪文化的发展、山东菜系的形成，提供了良好的条件。

山东古为齐鲁之邦，地处半岛，三面环海，腹地有丘陵平原，气候适宜，四季分明。海鲜水族、粮油畜牲、蔬菜果品、昆虫野味一应俱全，为烹饪提供了丰盛的物质条件。庖厨烹技全面，巧于用料，注重调味，适应面广。鲁菜常用的烹调技法有30种以上，其中尤以“爆、炒、烧、塌”等最有特色。爆瞬间完成，营养素保护好，食之清爽不腻；烧有红烧、白烧，著名的“九转大肠”是烧菜的代表；“塌”是山东独有烹调方法，其主料要事先用调料腌渍入味或夹入馅心，再沾粉或挂糊，两面塌煎之金黄色。放入调料或清汤，以慢火\尽汤汁，使之浸入主料，增加鲜味。山东广为流传的锅塌豆腐、锅塌菠菜等，都是久为人们所乐道的传统名菜。

鲁菜讲究调味纯正，口味偏于咸鲜，具有鲜、嫩、香、脆的特色。十分讲究清汤和奶汤的调制，清汤色清而鲜，奶汤色白而醇。用肥鸡、肥鸭、肥肘子为主料，经沸煮、微煮、“清哨”，使汤清澈见底，味道鲜美。奶汤则成乳白色。用“清汤”和“奶汤”制作的数十种菜，多被列入高级宴席的珍馔美味。

烹制海鲜有独到之处。对海珍品和小海味的烹制堪称一绝。在山东，无论是参、翅、燕、贝，还是鳞、介、虾、蟹，经当地厨师妙手烹制，都可成为精彩鲜美的佳肴。仅胶东沿海生长的比目鱼（当地俗称“偏口鱼”），运用多种刀工处理和不同技法，可烹制成数十道美味佳肴，其色、香、味、形各具特色，百般变化于一鱼之中。以小海鲜烹制的“油爆双花”、“红烧海螺”、“炸蛎黄”以及用海珍品制作的“蟹黄鱼翅”、“扒原壳鲍鱼”、“绣球干贝”等，都是独具特色的海鲜珍品。

善于以葱香调味。在菜肴烹制过程中，不论是爆、炒、烧、熘，还是烹调汤汁，都以葱丝（或葱末）爆锅，就是蒸、扒、炸、烤等菜，也借助葱香提味。

著名的菜肴有：

九转大肠：色泽红润，大肠软嫩，有酸、甜、香、辣、咸五味。此菜系山东传统风味。

糖醋黄河鲤鱼：此菜选用黄河鲤鱼烹制而成，成菜后外焦里嫩，香酥、酸甜、稍咸。

德州扒鸡：鸡皮光亮，色泽红润，肉质肥嫩，热吃时，手提鸡骨一抖，骨肉随即分离，香气扑鼻，味道鲜美，是德州传统风味。
Shandong Cuisine
 

As an important component of Chinese culinary art, Shandong cuisine, also known as Lu Cai for short, boasts a long history and far-reaching impact. Shandong cuisine can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period (770-221BC). It was quickly developed in the South and North Dynasty (960-1279), and was recognized as an important style of cooking in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Shangdong cuisine is representative of northern China's cooking and its technique has been widely absorbed in northeast China.

Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea, with the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the sweet and sour carp. A truly authentic sweet and sour carp must come from the Yellow River.

Shangdong cuisine is famous for its wide selection of material and use of different cooking methods. The raw materials are mainly domestic animals and birds, seafood and vegetables. The masterly cooking techniques include Bao (quick frying), Liu (quick frying with corn flour), Pa (stewing), roasting, boiling, using sugar to make fruit, crystallizing with honey.

Condiments such as sauce paste, fistulous onion and garlic are freely used, so Shangdong dishes usually taste pungent. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Clear soup (or thin soup) features clear and fresh while milk soup (or creamy soup) looks thick and tastes strong, both of which are often choicely made to add freshness to the dishes. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer.

In addition to sweet and sour carp, typical courses in Shandong cuisine include braised abalone with shells, fried sea cucumber with fistulous onion, fragrant calamus in milk soup, quick-fried double fats (a very traditional Shandong dish consisting of pork tripe and chicken gizzards), and Dezhou stewed chicken. Dezhou stewed chicken is known throughout the country; the chicken is so well cooked that the meat easily separates from the bone although the shape of the chicken is preserved.