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唐宋明清
唐亡后，经历了五代十国战乱频繁的时期。公元960年，后周大将赵匡胤建立了宋朝（960—1279年）。宋朝曾先后有北宋、南宋，南宋时政权南迁，将北方先进的经济、文化推广到南方，促进了该区域的经济开发。宋代天文、科技以及印刷术均居世界前列，毕发明的活字印刷，堪称人类印刷史上的一大革命。
1206年，成吉思汗建立蒙古汗国。其孙子忽必烈1271年入主中原，建立元朝（1271—1368年），定都大都（今北京）。忽必烈结束了长达数百年的多政权并立的局面，实现了包括今新疆、西藏及云南地区在内的全国大统一。造纸、印刷术、指南针、火药是中国古代科技的“四大发明”，至宋元时期相继传到世界各地，对世界文明作出了巨大贡献。
1368年，明太祖朱元璋在南京建立了明朝（1368—1644年）。其子朱棣（1360—1424年）即位后，开始大规模营建北京城池和宫殿，并于1421年正式迁都北京。1405年至1433年，他派太监郑和率领庞大的船队进行了七次规模巨大的海上远航，途经东南亚各国、印度洋、波斯湾、马尔代夫群岛，最远到达非洲东海岸的索马里和肯尼亚，是哥伦布时代以前世界上规模最大、航程最远的海上探险。
明朝后期，中国东北部的满族人迅速崛起，于1644年建立清朝（1644—1911年），定都北京。清朝最著名的皇帝康熙（1661—1722年在位）统一了台湾，遏止了沙俄的入侵。他还加强对西藏的管辖，制定了由中央政府最终决定西藏地方领袖的一整套规章制度。在其统治下，中国疆土面积超过1100万平方公里。
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| Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties |
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Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (960-1911)
Following the Tang Dynasty came a period of almost continual warfare known as the Five Dynasties and Ten States. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the State of Later Zhou, established the Song Dynasty (960-1279), known in history as the Northern Song Dynasty. When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to the south, it became known in history as the Southern Song Dynasty. China in the Song Dynasty was in the forefront of the world in astronomy, science and technology. Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the 1040s, ushering in a major revolution in the history of printing.
In 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongolian Khanate. In 1271, Kublai, a grandson of Genghis Khan, conquered the Central Plains, founded the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), and made Dadu (today's Beijing) the capital. Kublai ended the centuries-long situation in which many independent regimes existed side by side by forming a united country that brought Xinjiang, Tibet and Yunnan under its sway. During the Song-Yuan period, the "four great inventions" in science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient times — papermaking, printing, the compass and gunpowder — were further developed, and spread abroad.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in Nanjing, reigning as Emperor Taizu. When his son and successor Zhu Di (1360-1424) ascended the throne, he built and expanded the palaces, temples, city walls and moats in Beijing. In 1421, he officially moved the capital to Beijing. During his reign, he dispatched a eunuch named Zheng He to lead a fleet of many ships to make seven far-ranging voyages. Passing the Southeast Asian countries, the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Maldives Islands, Zheng He explored as far as Somalia and Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa. These were the largest-scale and longest voyages in the world before the age of Columbus.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in Nanjing, reigning as Emperor Taizu. When his son and successor Zhu Di (1360-1424) ascended the throne, he built and expanded the palaces, temples, city walls and moats in Beijing. In 1421, he officially moved the capital to Beijing. During his reign, he dispatched a eunuch named Zheng He to lead a fleet of many ships to make seven far-ranging voyages. Passing the Southeast Asian countries, the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Maldives Islands, Zheng He explored as far as Somalia and Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa. These were the largest-scale and longest voyages in the world before the age of Columbus.
The Manchus of northeast China established the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in 1644. The best known of the Qing Dynasty emperors, Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) restored the central empire's rule over Taiwan, and resisted invasions by tsarist Russia. To reinforce the administration of Tibet, he also formulated the rules and regulations on the confirmation of the Tibetan local leaders by the Central Government. He effectively administered over 11 million sq km of Chinese territory. |
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