柯尔克孜、达斡尔、景颇、撒拉、毛南17个民族；不足1万至10万人口的有布朗、塔吉克、普米、阿昌、怒、鄂温克、京、基诺、德昂、乌孜别克、俄罗斯、裕固、保安、门巴、鄂伦春、独龙、塔塔尔、赫哲、高山（不含台湾省高山族人口）、珞巴20个民族，其中珞巴族人口最少，仅2965人。

汉族分布在全国各地，主要聚居在黄河、长江、珠江三大流域的中下游和东北平原。55个少数民族虽然人口少，但分布的地区却很广，约占全国总面积的64.3%，主要分布在东北、华北、西北、西南的边疆地区。云南省居住着20多个民族，是中国民族成分最多的一个省份。由于历史上多次的民族迁徙、屯田、移民以及朝代更迭等原因，中国各民族的分布形成了又杂居又聚居、互相交错居住的状况。此种局面，为汉族与各少数民族之间在政治、经济、文化上的广泛交流，以及在少数民族聚居区实行民族区域自治制度提供了客观条件。

China is a united multi-ethnic nation of 56 ethnic groups. As the majority of the population is of the Han ethnic group (accounting for 91.6 percent of the national total population), China's other 55 ethnic groups are customarily referred to as the national minorities. According to the fifth national census in 2000, the national minorities which have a population of over one million include the Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian, Tibetan, Bouyei, Dong, Yao, Korean, Bai, Hani, Li, Kazak and Dai, totaling 18 ethnic groups. Among them the Zhuang ethnic group has the biggest population of 16.179 million. There are 17 ethnic groups with a population of between 100,000 and one million, including She, Lisu, Gelo, Lahu, Dongxiang, Va, Shui, Naxi, Qiang, Tu, Xibe, Mulam, Kirgiz, Daur, Jingpo, Salar and Maonan. And 20 ethnic groups have a population of between 10,000 and 100,000: Blang, Tajik, Pumi, Achang, Nu, Ewenki, Jing, Jino, Deang, Ozbek, Russian, Yugur, Bonan, Moinba, Oroqen, Drung, Tatar, Hezhen, Gaoshan (excluding the population of the Gaoshan ethnic group in Taiwan) and Lhoba. The Lhoba ethnic group has the smallest population of 2,965.

The Han people can be found throughout the country, mainly on the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River valleys, and the Northeast Plain. The national minorities, though fewer in number, are also scattered over vast areas and can be found in approximately 64.3 percent of China, mainly distributed in the border areas of northeast, north, northwest and southwest China. Yunnan Province, home to more than 20 ethnic groups, has the greatest diversity of ethnic groups in China. Taking shape over China's long history, this circumstance of different ethnic groups "living together in one area while still living in individual compact communities in special areas" continues to provide the practical basis for political, economic and cultural intercourse between the Han and the various minority peoples, and for the functioning of the regional ethnic autonomy system.