您现在的位置：关于中国 About China / 中国旅游 Chinese Travel / 世界遗产 The World Legacy 重庆大足石刻 1999年12月1日，大足石刻被联合国教科文组织评为世界文化遗产 大足石刻是中国石窟艺术宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠，与云岗、龙门鼎足而三，齐名敦煌，是中国晚期石窟艺术的优秀代表。她集中国石窟艺术之大成，把中国石窟艺术推上了一个新的高峰：她是一件伟大的艺术杰作，对中国石窟艺术的创新发展有重要贡献，是石窟艺术生活化的典范，为中国佛教密宗史增添了新的一页，并且生动地反映了中国民间宗教信仰的重大发展变化。 大足石刻是中国重庆市大足县境内主要表现为摩崖造像的石窟艺术的总称。现公布为文物保护单位的摩崖造像多达75处，雕像5万余尊，铭文10万余字。 大足县位于四川盆地东南，西距成都271公里，东去重庆70公里。全县总面积约1400平方公里，人口约90万。大足建县于唐乾元元年（公元758年），距今已有1240多年历史，其县名取“大丰大足”之意。 大足石刻始创于唐永徽元年（公元650年），历经晚唐、五代，盛于两宋，绵延明清。其中全国重点文物保护单位有5处即北山（包括北塔）、宝顶山、南山、石门山、石篆山石刻也即“五山石刻”（世界遗产部分），重庆市文物保护单位有4处即尖山子、舒成岩、妙高山石刻、千佛岩石刻，大足县文物保护单位有66处如西山、圣水寺、三教寺、青山院、老君庙、半边庙、七拱桥、普和寺、陈家岩石刻等。北山、宝顶山、南山、石门山、石篆山是大足石刻中最具规模、最有价值、艺术最精美的石刻造像代表。 大足石刻以佛教造像为主，兼有儒、道造像。 北山石刻中的“转轮经藏窟”被许多艺术家誉为宋代石刻之精华和代表，此窟石刻造像秀美、雕刻精细、整体布局和谐协调、保存完好无损，堪称东方美神之大荟萃。特别是此窟中的普贤菩萨，具有东方女性美的特征，表情温柔娴静、典雅大方，被誉为“东方维纳斯”。另外，二十二章《古文孝经碑》，则被称为“寰宇间仅此一刻”。 宝顶山石刻，气势磅礴，宛如一卷镌刻在500多米的崖壁上的连环图画，前后内容连接，雕像无一雷同。而且佛教的世俗化、民族化、生活化特别显著，可以说完全是中国化了。 南山石刻是中国道教造像的代表，其中的三清古洞，是最完备而有系统的反映宋代道教神系的实物资料，是中国宋代雕刻最为精美的石窟。 石篆山石刻是典型的释、道、儒“三教”合一造像区，在石窟中罕见。如孔子龛、老君龛等。 石门山石刻是佛教、道教合一造像区，尤以道教造像最具有特色，如玉皇大帝龛外的千里眼像，眼如铜铃，似能目及千里；顺风耳面貌丑怪，张耳作细听状；二像肌肉丰健，筋脉显露，手法夸张。 中国石窟艺术在其长期的发展过程中，各个时期都积淀了自己独具特色的模式和内涵。以云岗石窟为代表的早期石窟艺术（魏晋时期，公元4-5世纪）受印度犍陀罗和笈多式艺术的影响较为明显，造像多呈现出“胡貌梵相”的特点。以龙门石窟为代表的中期石窟艺术（隋唐时期，公元6-9世纪）表现出印度文化与中国文化相融合的特点。作为晚期石窟艺术代表作的大足石刻在吸收、融化前期石窟艺术精华的基础上，于题材选择、艺术形式、造型技巧、审美情趣诸方面都较之前代有所突破，以鲜明的民族化、生活化特色，成为具有中国风格的石窟艺术的典范，与敦煌、云岗、龙门等石窟一起构成了一部完整的中国石窟艺术史。 “上朝峨眉，下朝宝顶”。“五山石刻”自古以来就是名胜之地。其中北山、宝顶山更是中外游客览胜、信众朝山进香、僧侣说法传经的集中地。特别是以“天府灵山”著称的宝顶山，历来每年的农历二月十九日（传为千手观音的生日）前后，游客如云，数以万计。自大足县1980年对外开放以来，游客日增，年均在35万人次以上，最高年达60万人次，最高日达万余人次。 　Dazu Carved Stone in Chongqing Dazu Carved Stone was granted "The World’s Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO on Dec. 1st, 1999. . Dazu carved stone is an important one of the grotto art. It is as famous as the Yungang and Longmen grotto. It is a milestone for the development of grotto art and also has contributed much to the development of grotto art. Dazu carved stone locates in Dazu County, Chongqing. It is a general term of all the grotto arts for Moya portraits. There have been over 50 thousand status and over 100 thousand words in 75 different grottos having been protected. Dazu County locates in the southeast of Sichuan basin. Its west is 271kms away from Chengdu and its east is 70kms away from Chongqing. The total area of this county is 1400 squ.kms with a population of 0.9million. Dazu County was established in 758 with a 1240-year-long history. The meaning of Dazu is "rich and abundant". Dazu carved stone was first built in the first year of Yonghu period of Tang dynasty going through the late Tang, the 5 Generations, North Song and South Song, Ming and Qing, most prosperous in the Two Song dynasty. The dazu carved stone includes 5 state historical and cultural relics, Beishan carved stone(including the North Tower), Baodingshan carved stone, Nanshan carved stone, Shimenshan carved stone and Shizhuanshan carved stone, all of which are the world heritages. There are also 4 historical and cultural relics in Chongqing city, Jianshanzi carved stone, Shuchengyan carved stone, Miaogaoshan carved stone and Qianfoyan carved stone. There are 66 historical and cultural relics in Dazu County, including the carved stone of Xishan, Shengshui temple, Sanjiao temple, qingshan yard, Laojun temple, Bianbian temple, Qigong Bridge, Puhe temple, Chenjiayan, etc. The carved stones of Beishan, Baodingshan, Nanshan, Shimenshan and Shizhuashan are the most famous ones among the Dazu carved stones. Most of Dazu carved stones are the portraits of Buddha and there are also some of Confucian and Tao. Beishan Carved Stone: in which the "Zhuanlunjingzang" grotto is highly appraised by many artists. This grotto has been well reserved. The Puxian Bodhisattva figure in this grotto has the characters of beauties of the oriental women. It also has another name—"Venus in the orient". In addition the "ancient prose of filial lection stele", which contains 22 chapters, is a unique one in the world. Baodingshan carved stone: this one has great momentum like funnies carved on a 500-meter-long cliff. The statuses are all different to each other, from which we can see a live society. Nanshan carved stone: it is a milestone of the Tao status. The Sanqing ancient hole provides the data recourses, which can fully and systematically show the system of Tao in Song dynasty. Shizhuanshan carved stone: it contains statuses of Buddha, Tao and Confucian, for example the Kongzi niche and the Laojun niche and so on. Shimenshan carved stone: it contains the statuses of Buddha and Tao. Especially the latter is better, for example, the Qianliyan status outside of Yuhuang Emperor neche. Its eyes are as big as a copper bell. It seems that they can see the things 1000kms away; the clairaudient status is ugly in a pose of listening; Er status is muscular. The Chinese grottos have their special characters in different periods. The grotto art in earlier period (Wei and Jin period, 4-5 century) represented by the Yungang grotto were greatly affected by the art of Jiantuoluo and Jiduo in India. The grotto art in the middle period (Sui and Tang period, 6-9 century) represented by the Longmen grotto is characterized by the integration of cultures of India and China. Dazu carved stove, the representative in the late stage, absorbs the advantages of the former ones creating a milestone in terms of topic choose, art form, sculpt technology and taste. Since the old times, "carved stones in the five mountains" had been a wonder. Among them, Beishan and Baodingshan are the most famous ones attracting tourists and monks from inside and outside China. As to Baodingshan, before and after every Feb 29 in Chinese traditional calendar, there are thousands of visitors coming here. Since Dazu County has been opened up, the amount of visitors increases day by day. The average amount of visitors is over 0.35million. In its top year, the amount reaches 0.6million and it is over 10 thousand in the top day.